Encyclical Aeterni Patris of Leo XIII (1879) caused significant development of neo-scholastic movement in Poland in the beginning of 20th century. This movement was strongly influenced by philosophers from Louvain (Leuven). The struggles between German monists and Jesuit Erich Wasmann in the years 1905-1907 inspired Polish neo-scholastics to take a stand in philosophical discussions about the theory of evolution. The aim of this paper is to show how Polish neo-scholastics resolved problems of relations between fides and ratio with respect to the theory of evolution. In this paper there are presented some ideas of such philosophers as Franciszek Gabryl (1866-1914), Kazimierz Wais(1865-1934), Feliks Hortyński SJ (1869-1927) and Konstanty Michalski (1879-1947). Their ideas show how philosophical, historical and sociological background of the theory of evolution’s reception in Poland looked like.